Issues facing the functions of Operations Management

Issues facing the functions of trading trading trading surgical operations precautionOperations wariness is the employment function Responsible for Planning, arrange and mark offling the options needed to produce a teleph unitaryrs goods and services. It involves managing human capital, gondolaries , technologies , cultivation and galore(postnominal) oppositewise resources. Operations steering is the central core function of every(prenominal) company . steady though the company is big or sm wholly, provides personal goods or services ,every company has an operating function , the role of operations management function is to transform companys raw inputs in to the finished outputs much(prenominal) as crossways or services. Inputs include human capitals, technology, Materials and Processes such as structure and equipments. Outputs atomic number 18 goods and services which the company produces. Operations management is responsible for hire and coordinating in all the available resources required to produce a proposed product or services. This include designing, the product, deciding the whole required resources , scheduling, inventory management , woodland control and job design,The Transformation Process Diagram storey of Operations precautionOperations management did not emerge as a formal field of study until the late of 1950s and proto(prenominal) 1960s, It was Scholar , who recognize that all productions carcass face a bunch of bothers and to stress the system approach to viewing operations process. In 1700s , the industrial revolution had a signifi providet impact on the way gods be produced today. Prior to this movement products were made by hand by accomplished people at their shops or their homes. Each product was unique . just industrial revolutions changed all that invention of machines helped to re ass human power to machine power . in 1900s scientific management were introduced .it is an approach to management tha t rivet in improving out puts restructuring jobs and selecting accep shelve directs of computeer out put. scientific management brought the concepts of analysis and measurement of the technical aspects of encounter design.In mid-eighties operations management saw a huge developments Just in eon concept were designed by Japanese to achieve steep volume production using minimum level of inventory . this is achieved d cardinal coordination of f low of materials so that the right parts arrives at the right place at right fourth dimension in the right quantity. As the customers take on in higher quality products and service , companies were forced to focus on quality in order to remain competent. Total Quality homoagement is a philosophy developed by quality gurus such as W Edwards Deming , that aggressively seeks to improve product quality by eliminating defects and qualification quality an all- encompassing organizational philosophy . with TQM every one in the company is re sponsible for the quality . Supply Chain anxiety system has been introduced in the same period to manage the flow of material and training from suppliers and buyers of raw materials al the way to the final customer. The objective is to hack cost and improve quality and service delivery by every one in the chain .Supply chain management became famous with the development of information technology and E commerce . electronic Commerce depose top amid logical argument know as Business to Business(B2B) , between business and customer ( B2C) and Customer to Customer(C2C) which makes up highest percentageage of transaction in between business and customers .Today operational management environment is very dissimilar from what it was just few geezerhood ago. Customers demands better quality, greater speed and low cost. In order to succeed , companies have to be master s of the elementarys of operations management. Advanced information technology tools and softw be be being ut ilize to identify the resources needed to coordinate all activities involved in producing and delivering products to customer s. to gain advantage over their competitor companies be continuesly looking for ways to better respond to customers . it needs companies a kabbalistic knowledge about their customers and to meet their demands . The development of Customer Relationship Management has made it possible for the companies to understand the customers needs . Another characteristics of todays Operation management Environment is the increased use of Cross Functional Decision qualification that requires coordinated interaction and closing fashioning between the different business functions of the organizations. Employees from each function moldiness interact and coordinate their decisions. this requires employees to understand the roles of other business functions and the goals of the business as a whole , in entree to their own expertiseService Vs Manufacturing OperationsOpera tions give the axenister be divided in to two main categories, service operations and manufacturing operations. Manufacturing operations producing physical and tangible goods which shadow be stored in to the w atomic number 18 class before they atomic number 18 required, but in service operations products are intangible products that tummynot be produced ahead of cartridge clip. In manufacturing operations firm customers doesnt have direct contact with the operations . customers contact entrust be redirected by dealers , distributors and customer care centers . for example a customer is buying a computer in a super market never comes in to contact with the manufacturing company. But in service organization the customer will be typically present during the creation of the service. Car service centers, Hospitals , riotous food centers are both(prenominal) examples of service operations.T present are round manufacturing organizations provides service as part of their offe ring , and some service operations organizations produces physical goods that they deliver to the customer during service delivery. A barber shop may sell their own hair care products to their customersOperations management DecisionsOperations management decision can be divided in to three levels . that is Strategic , Tactical and OperationalStrategic Decision qualification this decision are long term decision which set directions for the ideal company . they faces questions such as what will be the vision of the organizations what market the company should concentrate ,how the company should compete win the field and so on these levels of decision are made by companys topple level executives exactlyTactical Decision Making short term decisions focus on particular departments are being taken in tactical decision making level. this is the level which makes decision of how ,and why questions , such as how umteen products should be manufactured and which technology has to be used , and how will be the quality of the product etc.Operational Decision Making This level of decisions mainly used for day to day issues. Such as cream scheduling, replacement, maintenance etc.Decision making Levels HierarchyOPERATIONAL social function of an operations managerOperations managers are responsible for managing activities which will be a part of the production of goods and services. Their responsibilities can be divide in to two categories , Direct and Indirect Responsibilities, Direct Contains managing both the operations process, include design, prep, control, performance improvement, and operations strategy. Their indirect responsibilities are interacting with those managers in other usable areas within the company they have direct or indirect responsibilities on operations. Such areas include marketing, finance, accounting, personnel and engineering.Operations managers responsibilities are adult male resource management the people overworking in an organization to create a good or service or provide support to those who do. Man Power and Human Resource Management are a tombstone resource of all organizations.Asset management A Companys buildings, Machinery, material and chronicle are presently connecting with the operations functions.Cost management most of the cost including hangouted and variable cost of producing goods or services are directly related to the costs of acquiring resources, moving them or delivering them to the end drug user . For many organizations in the private sector, cost cut through cost-effective operations management gives them a critical competitive edge. Even organizations in the non-profit sector, the ability to manage costs is no less important.Decision making is an important responsibility of all operations managers. Decisions should be made inDesigning the operations functionAnalyzing the operations functionImproving the operations functionControlling an OperatingThe five main kinds of decision in ea ch of these relate toThe processes, which is used to produce products or servicesThe quality of Products or servicesThe quantity of Products or servicesThe inventory , which is used to produce or supporting the production of goods or servicesHuman resource management, including recruiting, scheduling, transaction Appraisal etc.A Case cultivation Maharaja Electricals PVT LtdMaharaja Electricals Pvt Ltd is an ISO 9001 company meand on Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India . Since its nerve with a single lay down at Chennai before 15 years they remained the major suppliers of Mixers in southeastern India. They collect spotless spares from local manufacturers with set quality checking and assemble them in their ingathering units. They have experienced engineers and technicians in both electrical and mechanical disciplines. The company now has 20% of the South Indian mixer market. The major attraction to Maharaja Mixers is the low prices since all components are indigenously developed but still with quality assurance. or so of the middle class families always prefer Maharaja just because of their con steadrably affordable costs.Now to cop up with the increased customer fatalitys from populate states, especially from Kerala, the company is planning to install a new plant in Palaghat, the border area between Tamil Nadu and Kerala. They are planning for an assembly lne with a conveyor sing to minimize the fall quantify required for assembling. They prefer a U-shaped assembly line which may reduce the hit installation space. Also workers at different work puts can be close so that one can help others or even handle others work when one is absent from the seat. The conveyor stops for a specific interval of clock so that each work spot can complete its work within that sequence slice. This is the time for which the basic structure of the product is available to a workstation called Cycle snip. The main problem hither is to identify the various ill-treats invol ved in issue forth assembly of a mixer. Then the round time for the conveyor is to be calculated. Determining the minimum number of workstations and calculating the efficiency of the line is to a fault a concern.The company procures the following spares from local suppliers with strict quality control in bulk.Electrical get assemblyPlastic base to fix the assemblyRubber bushes to be fixed at the bottom of the baseElectrical lead to the power supplyPlastic protract for the motor assemblyOn/off switch on plastic coverSpeed regulatorPlastic circular rotatorJar attachmentsCardboard packing material boxScrews of various sizesWith their ample experience in assembling the company has identified time requirements for each fixations and a linear order for assembling process. That is tabulated as follows.Process MapTheoretical Approach of the Problem, Pareto chart, Pareto TheoryA Pareto chart is a bar graph. The lengths of the bars represent frequency or cost (time or money), and are arr anged with durable bars on the left and the shortest to the right. In this way the chart visually depicts which situations are more than significant.In the following Pareto diagram compares the available time, performance time and raging time comparison of six work stations. The diagram clearly shows at work station 1 on that point is no idle time for the conveyor belt. So employees with high skills and speed must be stick on here. floratation 1 is the critical point in this assembly unit since all other assembly works pre requires this assembly.Currently the assembling units are installed in an assembling unit where assembled parts are shifted from one place to some other manually. It is observed with clock stop analysis that 15 proceeding are required solely for shifting components to beside shifting unit. Clearly here we can apply so called Pareto Principle in the situation. This principle is notable with the name of Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto who created a mathem atical formula to hear the unequal distribution of wealth in his country, observing that twenty percent of the people owned eighty percent of the wealth. The principle is in any outcome known as 20-80 master , the Law of Vital Few and principle of cypher sparsity. Later the Management thinker Joseph M Juran adopted the idea to Management Principles. Jurans assumption is that most of the results in any situation are unyielding by a small number of causes. For example 20% of the customers regularise 80% of the sales in a trade fair. Here in our problem 30% of the total time is required for just transferring components from one table to another. Reducing this time substantially can save total assembling time and thus can improve efficiency of the total system. So installation of a conveyor belt in the milling machinery is a better alternative.SolutionThe precedence requirements clearly mention which jobs are to be completed before starting a new one. In the above table before covering the motor assembly with an satellite cover ( childbed D ) the motor assembly must be fixed on a plastic base ( depute A) and electrical leads must be connected to the assembly( confinement C). Similarly certain other capers are also having precedence requirements.A work station is a place or a table where the conveyor stops for a cycle time with the basic structure on it. After that conveyor moves so that the basic structure goes to the next work station where it can perform excess fittings.The low thing is to identify the job with highest cycle time. It is normally called feeding bottleful neck job. The conveyor at least has to stop this much of time for a workstation. The cycle time cannot be les than the duration of this working class. In Mahararajas case connecting electrical lead to the power supply to the motor assembly is the bottle neck operation. The cycle time is therefore 6 minutes as per the table. If the cycle time is kept less than this proletariat C cannot be completed.Then determining the minimum number of workstations is the next problem to be solved. Theoretically the minimum number of workstations can be calculated by dividing the total time requirement with cycle time. So here as per the table the total designate time is 30 minutes and the cycle time is 6 minutes. SoMinimum number of workstations = 30/6 = 5 work stations.Then the next problem is to determine which tasks are to be charge to which work stations. Here we have to use some heuristics. In this case the heuristics selected is called the Longest Operation clip (LOT) rule. According to this rule the top priority is assigned to task with perennial operation time.In this case parturiency C is the longest task with an operations time of 6 minutes. This task has the highest priority assignment over first workstation. The table also shows that it has no precedence requirements ie no other task need to be completed to begin travail C. so task C can be assigned to t he first workstation. An entry can be made to the following table. heuristics stepWorkstationPrioritized labour charge proletariat labor Timestay Timestay eligible lying-in11CC600The further prioritized task for workstation 1 is task C and that is assigned to first workstation. The cycle time is 6 minutes and that is equal to the time requirement of task C. so no remaining time is left for other tasks to perform in this work station. So no more tasks can be assigned to first workstation.At the next step the tasks assigned to the second workstation are to identified. From the table the next task with longest operation time requirement is task A which also requires no occasion operations. The task is to fix the motor assembly with the electrical lead(fixed at workstation 1 by task C) on a plastic base.Heuristics StepsWorkstationPrioritized laborAssigned TaskTask Time rest TimeRemaining Eligible Task11CC60022AA510Since task A requires sole(prenominal) 5 minutes, 1 minute is exc ess at the second workstation. But since we have no tasks which require 1 minutes only when no other tasks can be assigned here.At the next step we have longest tasks D, F or H with en execution time of 3 minutes. But F and H have pre requirements. For task F task D must be completed. For task H, tasks B,E,F and G are to be completed. At this point of time both pre requirements are not satisfied. The pre requirements of task D are completion of task A and C which is already accomplished. So the preference goes to task D.Heuristics StepsWorkstationPrioritized TaskAssigned TaskTask TimeRemaining TimeRemaining Eligible Task11CC60022AA51033DD33BHere after assigning Task D 3 minutes are remaining. From the table all tasks with 3 minutes operation time requirement also have pre requirements of completion of other tasks. So the next preferable job is task B whose time requirement is only 2 minutes.Heuristics StepsWorkstationPrioritized TaskAssigned TaskTask TimeRemaining TimeRemaining Eli gible Task11CC60022AA51033DD33B43BB210The next step is to assign task in work station 4 , here we can consider task F and Task h with longest path of 3 minutes ,.But task h have pre requirements so task F can be assigned in work station 4Heuristics StepsWorkstationPrioritized TaskAssigned TaskTask TimeRemaining TimeRemaining Eligible Task11CC60022AA51033DD33B43BB21054FF33E,GIn work station 4 task F have used only 3 minute. to utilize the remaining time in work station 4 , task E, or t ask G can be assign in work station 4 , Task E is assigned in work station 4Heuristics StepsWorkstationPrioritized TaskAssigned TaskTask TimeRemaining TimeRemaining Eligible Task11CC60022AA51033DD33B43BB21054FF33E,G64E,GE21GThe next step is to assign suitable task in next work Station . next suitable task which can be assigned in workstation 5 is task G .Heuristic StepsWorkstationPrioritized TaskAssigned TaskTask TimeRemaining TimeRemaining Eligible Task11CC60022AA51033DD33B43BB21054FF33E,G64E,GE21G75G G24H,I,JTask G will take only 2 minutes to complete the task . work station 5 can be assigned for some other tasks , next available tasks are Task H, I ,J , the longest path among these three tasks are with task H of 3 minute . So we can assign task H in work station 5.Heuristics StepsWorkstationPrioritized TaskAssigned TaskTask TimeRemaining TimeRemaining Eligible Task11CC60022AA51033DD33B43BB21054FF33E,G64E,GE21G75GG24H,I,J85HH31I,JHere after there are two tasks left . Task I, Task J, But to do the Task J , Task I must be completed . so Task I can be assigned in to work station 6Heuristics StepsWorkstationPrioritized TaskAssigned TaskTask TimeRemaining TimeRemaining Eligible Task11CC60022AA51033DD33B43BB21054FF33E,G64E,GE21G75GG24H,I,J85HH31I,J 96I,JI24JTask L have used only 2 minutes to complete the task, that is it remains 4 minutes in work station 6 , so we can assign Task J in work station 6Heuristics StepsWorkstationPrioritized TaskAssigned TaskTask TimeRemaining TimeRemainin g Eligible Task11CC60022AA51033DD33B43BB21054FF33E,G64E,GE21G75GG24H,I,J85HH31I J96I,JI24J106JJ220Assignments of Works to the work stationWork Station123456TotalAvailable Time66666636Performance Time65555430Idle Time0111126The last table shows that at least 6 workstations are required which is different from the calculated theoretical minimum. faculty of the assembly line is performance time/ available time X 100Here 30/36 X 100 = 83.33 %. archetype efficiency is 100 %.RecommendationsIt is recommended to use U shaped Conveyor belt and 3 work stations should be in one side and the remaining 3 workstations should be in other side so that the idle work station can help the busy work station. The conveyor belt can be drawn as infra

Effects of Changing Accounting Standards on Commercial Bank

Effects of Changing invoice Standards on Commercial buzzwordProposed Research Topic IAS 39 and IFRS 9 the personal personal effect of changing method of be system standards for monetary instruments on the fiscal assets instruction of a commercial bank in Chong QingBackgroundIn 2008, a blasting monetary crisis ignited by the bankruptcy of Lehman Br new(prenominal)s Holdings soon had a estimable scale break-out and dragged the world from prosperous growth to excruciating abyss of stagnation, as yet recession. People in business and academic community took a salient total of serious discussions striving to find the causes of the financial crisis. It is widely agree that the lack of transp atomic number 18ncy in banks and investment houses which increased their risks is one of the major driving forces of the crisis(Compton, 2012). It is argued by Rohde(2011) that the abuse of financial instruments is to blame for the lack of transparency. Accountancy, as a applicatory s ubject meant to make organizations more than than transparent via cause and correct financial reports thitherfore is closely linked to the solution to the financial crisis. One year later the crisis, world leaders declared that improvements in financial report were needed at the G20 summits.Chan, 2010)In 2009, in resolution to the demand for improved financial reports, the new IFRS 9 was published as the successor for IAS 39 to serve the procedure of regulating accountancy for financial instruments(IFRS, 2009 Chan, 2010). Some noticeable changes were do by IASBinternational account statement standards visiting card to the new standards, peculiarly the classification of financial assets. IAS classify financial assets into 4 criterion groups, which is considered by Chan(2010) as one of the its drawbacks resulting in unnecessary complexity and internal inconsistency. However, according to IFRS 9, the number of categories is largely simplified and is cut drink from 4 to 2 amortize cost and good survey. Currently, business organizations potty choose which standards they would like to apply because the mandatory effective date of IFRS was tooshieceled already(IFRS, 2009). What set up could the residues surrounded by the 2 standards exert on banksa management of financial assets remains unknown. It has not been sufficiently studied in accountancy books yet. Although near studies are made with regard to IAS or IFRS as a unharmed, none of them are specifically on IFRS 9, let alone its effects on financial assets management. A cogitation as this one is consequently needed to fill in this gap.One of the main features of international accounting standards regardless of IAS9, IFRS 9, or their earlier predecessors is the steady status of blank value circularment. Despite that a circuit of measurement categories are added to or withdraw from in amendments occurred since the establishment of one universal international accounting standards syste m, fair value measurement seems to stand unshakably in the center of measurement for financial instruments. Thus, this paper pass on mainly focus on fair value to discuss whether or not it is changed in the new standards and what deflect those changes have on a banks financial assets management, which send word better our understanding in the relationship between accounting standards and practical management. This paper is assistive not only to expand the accounting writings, barely also to improve bankers assets management in precaution of the risk of some other financial crisis. In a word, my seek is worth doing academically and practically.The purpose of my paper is to identify the effects of changing financial standards on the assets management of a bank by interrogateing its managers and examining its financial conditions in the lead and after its accounting policy shifted from IAS 39 to IFRS 9. To achieve that, I set 3 seek objectives. Firstly, my paper aims to find out the difference between IAS 39 and IFRS 9, peculiarly the changes made to the fair value measurement. Secondly, my paper tries to identify the effects of adopting IFRS 9 on Chong qing Banks financial assets management in replacement for IAS 39. Thirdly, my paper go out make fine comment on whether those effects are positive or negative comparing with previous old age when IAS was applied in the hope of providing some useful experience to other banks.Literature reviewThe number of existing seekes on the new IFRS 9 is extremely limited and drop hardly be found for it was published just 4 years ago as an incomplete picture to be tested and improved, awaiting continuous amendments. It takes conviction before it is as applicable as IAS 9, when a great amount of researches then can be expected due to mass usage of IFRS in business institutes. Fortunately, there are a number of studies on the IFRS as a whole and IAS No. 39. Carmona Trombetta(2008) got a panorama overview on I FRS and IAS, and proceeded to explain the fuss of world-wide bankers acceptance of those standards owing to nature of highly diverse conditions in different individual(a) countries, which leads to a conclusion that rule based standards are probably more acceptable than principles based ones to widespread a universal standards system across the world. Despite the insightful disco truly they made, they did not focus enough charge on the obvious differences between IFRS and IAS. To the contrary, what they try to emphasize is the similarities instead of differences between those two standards. As a supplementary to the previous accounting literature, Wang(2010) made a thorough comparison between the two standards and noted the difference of classifications for financial assets which is covered by IAS 39 and IFRS 9 that matters a lot to financial assets management. However, she was one step away from getting the full picture, and stopped at that point and did not make further explo proportionalityns concerning the effects of the differences in standards on banking management, which leaves her research unfortunately incomprehensive. The reckon on this outcome has 2 dimensions regulations, and the objectives those regulations exert effects on. Neglecting either of them would dishonor the whole study. Armstrong and his collegues (2010) contributed to the literature by examining the objectives of accounting regulations. They studied business institutes reaction to the adoption of IFRS in Europe, which can made a worthy comparison with Chong qing companies that my paper is active to study. Morris and Sellon(1991) are among those first to focus on the relationship between accounting standards and financial assets management. They noted that a banks true assets (Morris and Sellon, 1991) can be best reflected by fair value based accounting practice. Their pioneering work was seconded by Barth(1994) who argues that accounting based on fair is helpful to improve a b anks management by clarifying the true value of financial assets to the top management. He took a critical strep and brought accounting standard on to the managerial level. Although having laid trim down the fundamental base for my study, both of their researches share a fatal flaw of being too outdated. The world has witnessed too many tremendous changes including the financial crisis to fit in their theorys poser developed in the early 1990s. Their theory fails to be applied to lately invented financial instruments, particularly financial derivatives. More researches close to todays reality are needed, which is another justification for the rationale of my research.Methodology and methodsI intend to life an interpretive, inductive, empirical and qualitative research on this topic. The method adopted is cases study carried out via techniques including observing the union and taking interviews. Chong qing Bank in Chong qing is selected as the case study company for it is one of the first to answer IASBs call to adopt IFRS. Given the geographic terminus ad quems and the cost to fly to Chong qing, semi-structured recollect interviews will be held to managers of Chong qing Bank Limited containing questions on their thoughts before and after IAS 39 was replaced by IFRS 39. Information about the company is to be good observed, particularly its capital sufficiency ratio before and after IFRS was adopted, which can reflect itsfinancial assets management in the period of changing accounting policy to a certain extent. The entire data collect by my case study and interviews is original base data, except capital adequacy ratio, which is secondary data since it can be found in the companys annual reports. Most of the data are qualitative as they are questions regarding peoples attitudes, beliefs, thoughts that cannot be quantified. However, the capital adequacy ratio is quantitative.The way my research is done is to acquire knowledge by do empirical observation s and finding empirical evidences rather than establishing pure theoretical framework on a predetermined hypothesis. All the 3 research objectives listed before are about making empirical observations. Therefor the case study method is very suitable to serve my research objectives. As claimed by Robson(2002), case study is A strategy for doing research which involves an empirical investigation. The reason I employ the technique of interview is that interviews are very useful to collect empirical information. It is an empirical research method. A semi-structured interview by telephone would allow me to explore unexpected issues by memory relatively casual conversation consisted of not fully predetermined questions, and to strain personal rapport with the interviewees that might be helpful to make some in-depth findings. In a word, the empirical, interpretive nature of my study that requires original primary data and close observations determines the research methods I chose.Content analysis will be used on the main data analyzing tool to measure the frequency of certain key words and notions respondents mentioned in interviews. The data quiet is not generalizable because they are predominantly qualitative information of a exclusive individual company without statistical representativeness. But the data is of legitimate rigour and reliability since they are authentically collected from a company in its practical daily operations. If anyone is to repeat my research on the same company, the out-come would be of no difference.Potential difficulties I can anticipate in this research are mainly geographically related. The location of me, namely UK, is too remote away from the objective in Chong qing I am about to observe. This limitation is likely to cause a series of difficulties including the hardship of getting inter-group communication with the informants and inaccuracy of observations which are not made in person directly. Another difficulty is the willin g of managers to receiving my interviews. In order to get a sufficient number of respondents, I plan to set certain incentive prizes for answering my questions. The research will mainly be funded by myself, though I will not give up the opportunity of being sponsored by the university. finishing for research funds will be submitted to Royal Holloway before the research begins. However, those difficulties above can be overcome and minimalized as long as my research is well designed. Flying to Chong qing is reserved as the last reanimate if things get out of my control. The time scale of my research is 3months. The detailed time table is listed belowTimetablePrepare the interview questions by 1 contactComplete literature review by 10 AprilConduct interviews by 10 MayComplete data analysis by 12 MayGive presentation on 23 JuneComplete the terminal dissertation by 20 JuneReferenceArmstrong, C, Barth, M, Jagolinzer, A, Riedl, E 2010, Market response to the Adoption of IFRS in Europ e, accounting Review, 85, 1, pp. 31-61, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 1 January 2014.Barth, M. E.,1994, somewhat value accounting Evidence from investment securities and the market valuation of banks, Accounting Review, pp.1-25.Carmona, S, Trombetta, M., 2008, On the global acceptance of IAS/IFRS accounting standards The logic and implications of the principles-based system, Journal Of Accounting Public Policy, 27, 6, pp. 455-461, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 1 January 2014.Chan, S., 2010, From IAS 39 to IFRS 9 more than just a name change, the official website of Chong qing institute of sensible public accountants,Available athttp//www.hkicpa.org.hk/file/media/section2_become_a_hk_cpa/recog-oversea-bodies/useful-article/name-change.pdfAccessed 20 declivity 2013.Compton, J., 2012, Libor soil at the root of all financial crises is a lack of transparency, The Telegraph, in stock(predicate) at http//www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/comment/9366972/Libor-sc andal-at-the-root-of-all-financial-crises-is-a-lack-of-transparency.htmlAccessed 20 DEC 2013.IFRS, 2009, IFRS 9 Financial Instruments (replacement of IAS 39), the official website of the IFRS Foundation and the IASB.Available at http//www.ifrs.org/current-projects/iasb-projects/financial-instruments-a-replacement-of-ias-39-financial-instruments-recognitio/Pages/financial-instruments-replacement-of-ias-39.aspxAccessed 20 DEC 2013.Robson, C., 2002, Real world research A resource for social scientists and practitioner-researchers (Vol. 2). Oxford Blackwell.Moody, D., 2002, a posteriori research methods, the official website of IT University of Copenhagen.Available at http//www.itu.dk/oladjones/semester%203/advanced%20it%20mgt%20and%20software%20engineering/project/materials/what%20is%20empirical%20research1.pdfAccessed 20 DEC 2013.Morris, C. S., SellonJr, G. H., 1991, Market value accounting for banks pros and cons., Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City Economic Review, 76, pp.5-19.Roh de, L 2011, Lessons from the Last Financial Crisis and the Future usance of Institutional Investors, OECD Journal Financial Market Trends, 2011, 1, pp. 77-82, Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost, viewed 1 January 2014.Wang, Z., 2010, A comparative study of the difference between IAS 39 and IFRS 9 interpreting the classification and measurement of financial assets. Finance and Accounting Monthly, 2010, 16(548), pp.51-53.( In Chinese)Source available at http//www.ckyk.cn/periodical/previous_detail-JOLQNON0.shtmlFull text available at http//www.docin.com/p-226160490.htmlAccessed 20 DEC 2013.

Orthopaedic Management Of Cerebral Palsy Health And Social Care Essay

Orthopaedic Man come alongment Of rational Palsy Health And Social supervise EssayThe condition of noetic palsy refers to a varied gathering of permanent disorders of movement and posture cause by injury to the immature witticism in utero, at birth or in the premier(prenominal) days of life. These lesions be static not progressive and bed be caused by a wide variety of factors such as intrauterine infections, trauma, neonatal stroke and genes, often in combination. Reflecting the varied aetiology and sites of injury cerebral palsy is often accompanied by neurological disturbances in cognition, behaviour, champion and epilepsy. Most significantly from the orthopaedic perspective is that it leads to a progressive musculoskeletal pathology and abnormalities of bodybuilder strength, tone and joint movement. These tend to be occult at birth and be lone(prenominal) revealed during the rapid growth of electric razorhood as fitfulity leads to abnormal posturing and thus secon dary contractures and impaired torsional fig up remodelling. in conclusion this process leads to problems such as scoliosis, coxa dislocation and the failment of indomitable contractures.1It is here that orthopaedic operating theatre can intervene by correcting touch on deformities star to improved function and appearance. Cerebral palsy is the approximately reciprocal cause of referral to elective paediatric orthopaedic units.2 This essay will talk over the various working(a) techniques that can be employed to tackle the musculoskeletal problems caused by cerebral palsy.ClassificationCerebral palsy is classified ground on the type of movement disorder present. The spastic form is the overabundant type and can be divided into the subcategories of hemiplegic, diplegic or quadriplegic depending on topography. usurp management varies amidst these forms based on the level of functional solution that can be expected the some significant factor cosmos whether the child is ambulant or not.It was the advent of step analysis in the 1990s that revolutionised treatment of ambulatory cerebral palsy. Prior to this surgical interpolation to improve stride was a matter of opinion, and often led to unlooked-for new problems which were even more(prenominal) intractable. The positive empirical approach of yard analysis, however, enabled both more targeted and precise interventions and also critical evaluation of the outcomes of surgery.3http//www.cpl.org.au/images/default-source/ query/cp-body-map-graphics.jpg?sfvrsn=2Image 1 Distri plainlyion of symptoms in subtypes of cerebral palsy. Source Cerebral Palsy League4Modern gait analysis takes place in a specialised laboratory and includes a standardised physical exam, video recording, kinematic and energizing measurements, electromyography, pedobarography and estimation of the energy consumption of walking.5AgeGenerally speaking surgery for ambulant CP is not attempted until by and by the age of 7 by whic h time a mature gait pattern has developed. Between this age and the onset of the growth spurt in adolescence bone surgery is sometimes required in order to stabilise the otiose levers of progression in the leg. These include femoral or tibial derotation osteotomies, intertrochanteric derotation of the femur and stabilisation of the subtalar complex.6It is between the ages of 8 and the main adolescent growth spurt (12-13 in girls, 13-14 in boys) that padded tissue surgery is undertaken, the ideal timing remaining contentious.7 increase maturity and awareness allow for more complex surgeries that require rigid compliance with rehabilitation programmes to succeed. Yet this essential be balanced against the make of the rapid growth of bone and muscle that may exacerbate and enlarge disfigurement.Surgery for spastic diplegiaDespite advances in the usage of botulinum toxin A, intrathecal baclofen and discriminating dorsal rhizotomy to reduce spasticity most children with cerebra l palsy still develop progressive musculoskeletal deformities as they grow. These include fixed joint contractures and bony deformities collectively referred to as lever arm disease and which can nevertheless be treated in effect(p)ly surgically.8 In the past a child with spastic CP typically presented with toe-walking and was managed by durationening of the tendo Achillis. Although this procedure successfully levelled the radix it often led to a crouch gait as contractures of the genu and hip developed progressively in late childhood. Nowadays there is a strong consensus that the outmatch approach is to gait fudge factor is to wrap up all deformities simultaneously in what is known as single-event multi-level surgery.9Correcting fixed contractures is achieved by either half(prenominal) lengthening or muscle-tendon recession. Established procedures include tenotomy (lengthening) of the psoas muscle at the pelvic brim, rectus femoris transfer to semitendinosus or s artificeor ius and fractional lengthening of the medial hamstrings.To correct bony torsional abnormalities necessitates rotational osteotomies. For femoral anteversion and attender hip internal rotation, femoral derotation osteotomy has proven to produce very effective and durable results.10 In order to correct a valgus foot deformity there are two options a lengthening osteotomy of the os calcis or more crudely an extra-articular subtalar joint fusion utilizing an autogenous graft of bone from the iliac crest combined with a screw fixation .11 fitful hemiplegiaThe most common joint deformities in the upper offshoot include internal rotation of the shoulder, elbow prosody, forearm pronation, wrist flexion and ulnar deviation, and swan-neck and thumb-in-palm deformities in the digits .12 Muscular injection with BTX-A can be useful in managing stiffness and increasing range of movement but is not effective at improving function.13As with gait correction deformities in the upper limb are trea ted in a one-stage multilevel operation combining muscle releases and tendon transfers. The most common procedures are biceps aponeurosis and pronator teres release for pronation of the forearm, tendon transfers to extensor carpi radialis longus or brevis for ulnar deviation/wrist flexion (with first web z-plasty) and first dorsal interosseous and adductor muscle release with tendon transfer for thumb-in-palm.12Patterns of gait in spastic hemiplegia have been classified comprehensively by Winters et al. and can be used to plan surgical management. In groups I and II the primary irregularity is drop foot due to equinus contracture which can be treated by lengthening of the gastrocsoleus muscle and appropriate orthosis. The situation is more complex, however in groups III and IV which require multilevel surgical intervention and gait analysis due to the involvement of proximal muscles leading to jump knee gait and in the case of group IV fixed hip flexion on top of equinovarus. These can be managed in the same way as soft tissue deformities in spastic diplegia by fractional lengthening or muscle-tendon recession.14Image 2 Saggital gait patterns in hemiplegia classification and management. For each group contractures shown in orange tree text, orthoses in green, surgical correction in red. Adapted from Winter et al.14muscle transfers to correct muscle imbalances are also employed in hemiplegia. This is most useful for equinovarus deformity, which is treated with split tendon transfer of the tibialis hinder(prenominal) (useful in the younger patient with more flexible deformity) or anterior combined with lengthening of the gastrocsoleus and tibialis posterior (better for older children with stiffer deformity).15, 16 other possible problem in hemiplegia is limb shortening, presenting most ordinarily in the tibia and ranging from 1-3 cm. If necessary operative correction can be achieved by epiphysiodesis at the end of growth plates proximal to the knee at the app ropriate age.7Spastic QuadriplegiaSurgical management of a child with spastic quadriplegia is particularly challenging owing to the presence of multiple co-morbidities such as epilepsy, osteopenia, respiratory disease and nutritional deficiencies. As such it requires the close co-operation of a multi-disciplinary team to manage possible complications as intimately as redirect examination in terms of pain and intensive care. A variety of tests are substantial to help assess suitability for surgery. Lung function tests are used to evaluate the likely necessity of protracted assisted ventilation after the operation. Testing serum total protein and albumin levels is used to spot malnutrition associated with light wound healing and infection. Detection of osteomalcia due to anti-epileptic medication is important and must be treated, and improving general nutritional state through postscript is often desirable. Finally, identification of the degree of osteoporosis due to disuse is re levant in assessing the stability of any surgical fixation desired.7 rosehip ManagementHip displacement is rarest in spastic hemiplegia at 1%, unusual in spastic hemiplegia at 5%, but lots more common in spastic quadriplegia with an estimated incidence of 35-55%.17 If left untreated it may lead kyphotic sitting posture and pelvic obliquity increasing the risk of spinal deformity as well as chronic hip pain and increased difficulties in activities of daily living. In hemiplegia and diplegia the gait is so severely impacted that subluxation is identified first due to rapid orthopaedic referral. In quadriplegia, however, due to the higher visibility of issues such as seizures and feeding difficulties and the fact hip displacement is hidden in the early stages, it often can go undetected. Thus systematic radiographic screening is vital to detect it early with one workplace recommending commencing at 30 months and following up every 6 months thereafter.18When abnormality is detected it is best to intervene early to try to prevent dislocation. The favoured soft tissue surgical approach is adductor and psoas tenotomies.19 If dislocation has already been found more drastic intervention is required with a single-stage open decrement of the hip, combined with a varus shortening derotation osteotomy of the proximal femur, which relieves pressure from the rim of the acetabulum stimulating growth and balancing the soft tissues by re-tensioning the hip abductors and relaxing the adductors, and a pelvic osteotomy to improve the shape and coverage of the acetabulum.20 Although this procedure offers the best long-term prognosis in terms of stability, further dislocations are not infrequent.21ScoliosisScoliosis in cerebral palsy can be non-structural secondary to femoral and pelvic muscular spasticity or structural secondary to contractures of the intrinsic spinal muscles. In non-ambulant patients it often extends to the sacrum and is associated with poor sitting posture , pelvic obliquity and hip dislocation. Prevention of these is thus vital to reducing the risk of distortion of the spine. surgically the established management of severe scoliosis is instrumented posterior fusion along the length of the spine to the pelvis.6ConclusionAs surgical techniques for correcting deformities have proliferated and been refined in recent decades so the orthopaedic management of cerebral palsy has progressed from art to science. We are now in the pleasing position of having a tried and true and tested toolbox of procedures to deploy in the common musculoskeletal pathologies bring on by diplegia, hemiplegia or quadriplegia.Yet a tool is only useful if it is used in the right place and so it is arguably the standardised assessment provided by gait analysis as well as improved understanding of the development of gait that has made the most difference by allowing clinicians to target interventions precisely temporally and anatomically to come across the best ou tcomes. Although validated evaluations exist for the upper arm they have stock-still to reach the same level of reliability and universality as gait analysis, a desirable goal for future research.It is also important to telephone that orthopaedic interventions can only ever ameliorate rather than ferment the lifelong disabilities caused by cerebral palsy. For this reason it is vital that management first and foremost takes into account the desired outcomes of patients and carers including concerns such as cosmesis and independence. Likewise it is important to emphasise functional outcomes rather than abstract measures of deformity as these are in the end more important to patients.

Women in the Scientific Revolution

Wowork force in the scientific changeThe scientific conversion is gener eithery considered part of the broader sharp transition that began with the Italian Renaissance and the re secerny and r hold backering of the classical writers, particularly Aristotle, some clock during the foursometeenth century. It is only in critique that wizard can understand broad movements, much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as this, entirely one can assert with confidence that the scientific revolution resulted from a confluence of several factors, nigh particularly the rejection of the Ptolemaic model of terrestrial movement combined with an increased absorb in Aristotelian cognition (Grant, 1996). Thus, the scientific revolution, insofar as it was a revolution rather than a developing, continuous process, may be claimed to earn begun in 1543 with the publication of Copernicus De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, though establishing this as a boundary is as more than a outcome of convenience as anything else (Linton, 2004). As an mental and cultural phenomenon, the scientific revolution continues to the present, moving done such advances as Newtonian mechanics, the experimental regularity of chemistry, advanced in anatomy and medicine, Darwinian evolution, relativity and quantum mechanics, with myriad offshoots at e really stage along the way of this development.At the present, there is practically dispute about how, or whether, the scientific revolution exit end some think it will continue forever, objet dart some others believe it will culminate with grand unification, a theory of everything that explains both gravity and subatomic forces, in effect capable of describing all phenomena (Westfall, 1971). That fair sex fetch vie pivotal roles in the advancement of knowledge is undeniable as with anthropoid figures, it is possible to isolate selected examples of women who make significant contributions. at that place is no primer to believe that such contributions were made because of their gender, but given the nature of indian lodge at the time of the scientific revolution, one may assert that the contributions were made in spite of their gender. As the scientific revolution may be said to continue to the present day, so too, does the gender bias in the recognitions, though there is evidence this is getting better.Women in the Scientific Revolution Marg aret CavendishPerhaps Margaret Cavendish is the outstrip example of such a fair sex in the midst of the scientific revolution. While biographies of her once concentrated on her display case behavior and the more florid aspects of her life (Grant, 1957, Whitaker, 2003), we are the beneficiaries of a modern flurry of scholarly interest in her philosophical and scientific undertakings. She engage with, and apparently held her own against Thomas Hobbes, Robert Boyle, Ren Descartes and others in the early Royal Society, though she herself was denied fellowship in that e xalted body (Walters, 2014). Margaret Cavendish rejected Aristotelianism and the mechanist philosophies that prevailed through much of that time, adopting a vitalist view instead, holding that living things are divergent from nonliving things in that they possess a spark of life that subjects them to unlike physical rules this is now an obsolete scientific theory (Sarasohn, 2010). ONeill in Cavendish (2001) characterizes Cavendishs natural philosophy as an outright rejection of Aristotle while adopting stoic doctrines ONeill (2001) also nones that while women rarely wrote on scientific matters at this time, Margaret Cavendish published six scientific agrees, two of which are currently in print it is also charge noting that Margaret Cavendish was a duchess and, as such, had certain social and economic advantages most other women would not build shared.Cavendishs main scientific work was Observations Upon Experimental ism (2001), written in the vernacular, rather than the Latin that was typical of scientific books until fountainhead into the nineteenth century, which itself reflects the scientific revolutions origin in the Greek and Latin classics. She had already undertaken earnest study of contemporary scientific and philosophical works and this book of hers clearly shows the influence of Thomas Hobbes, who had instructed her brother Sir Charles Lucas in philosophy in fact, she was one of the few of her time who accepted Hobbes ideas that incorporeal souls do not exist in nature (Sarasohn, 2010). She certainly expresses herself well in her book, regular(a) discussing in the pre confront whether her excessive writing is a disease (Mendelson, 1987), a question that still plagues modern practitioners (e.g., Flaherty, 2004). As she purports out, she wrote primarily for herself and if it was a disease, indeed it was a wonderful disease suffered by Aristotle, Homer and Cicero, among others (Cavendish, 2001).Women in the Scientific Revolution maria Winckel mannIn Germany, circumstances for women in accomplishment were dissimilar few independently pursed their scientific interests. The astronomer mare Winckelmann Kirsch is perhaps the best and certainly the best remembered example. She married the astronomer and mathematician Gottfried Kirsch and while they functioned as equals, the overriding attitude of their time was that she was his assistant Kirsch himself was a product of a scientific family and there is no reason to believe he did not valuate his wifes collaboration. In any event, we know she wrote of the conjunctions of the planets and, in 1702 became the scratch line woman to discover a comet she also published the most erudite observations of the aurora borealis to that time (Schiebinger, 1987). Unfortunately, Maria Winckelmann Kirsch has yet to benefit from a revival of scholarly interest in her life and activities that has benefited Margaret Cavendish.Women in the Scientific Revolution Maria Gaetana AgnesiIn Italy, t raditionally regarded as the birthplace of the Renaissance, the situation for women was different still, and is best exemplified by Maria Gaetana Agnesi, who, like Margaret Cavendish, had the advantages of wealth and social position and also act her interests independently. Her father was a professor of mathematics at Bologna and Maria showed intellectual gifts from an early age (Osen, 1975). Throughout her life, he was a very ghostly person and constantly found herself in the verge of phantasmal revelation fortunately for the history of science, she was a person of rare intellectual energy and she undertook the study of calculus when that was still cutting edge mathematics. Her most important work is Instituzioni analitiche ad uso della giovent italiana, which uncharitably translates to Analytic Institutions for Use by Italian Youths an excellent introduction to Euclid and the first work to include both differential and integral calculus in fact, Struik (1987) refers to her at the first important woman mathematician since Hypatia, some thirteen centuries before Struik (1987) also calls this work the model for all subsequent calculus texts. As it was intended as a schoolbook for use by students, like Cavendish, Agnesi wrote in the vernacular Italian, and wrote very well, though lacked the Margaret Cavendishs literary charm. Agnesi became a professor of mathematics at the University of Bologna, the first woman to achieve this, anywhere. As noted, she spent much of her life in religious contemplation, though it should also be noted that she devoted much of her she big wealth to helping the poor and infirm, to the point that she converted at least(prenominal) part of her home into a charity hospital. She was recognized in her animation and was praised by many, including Pope Benedict XIV, himself no intellectual lightweight (Mazzotti, 1987).If Maria Agnesi is remembered for anything now, curiously it is for something she did not discover the Witch of Agn esi, a curve whose numeral properties lie somewhat outside the scope of this paper. While others had previously considered this curve, Agnesi was the first to give it a rigorous analytical treatment in her textbook that it is called a witch is the product of an unfortunate early mistranslation into English that stuck. The curve, however, has one property worth mentioning it almost exactly resembles an isolated water joggle (Mazzotti, 1987).These three are just examples of women who took part in the scientific revolution. There were many others worthy of mention and many others still whose contributions are either lost or unrecognized, in some cases, to this day.The Status of Women in experience NowIt is safe to say that of all the scientists ever, an overwhelming percentage are professionally active now, and among there, there are more women than ever before. This notwithstanding, women face serious obstacles in the sciences. Statistics indicate that women do less well than men i n terms of degree, tenure and salary. In a field such as nursing, that has traditionally been predominate by women, men hold four percent of the professorships by contrast women have never held as much as four percent of the professorships in any field dominated by men even in psychology, were women obtain the majority of doctorates, women do not yet fill the majority of professorships (Schiebinger, 2001). Even so, there have been many noteworthy women scientists at present.To cite just one such example, the American Barbara McClintock discovered the transposition of genes and this explained how certain physical characteristics are sullen on or off (Comfort, 1999). For this, she was elected to the National Academy of eruditions in 1944 and in 1983 won the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine and, in fact, remains the only woman to win that prize, unshared. There is some animosity over the exact nature and precedence of her discoveries, but even her critics give way her pivotal role in genetics research (Comfort, 2001).Reducing Barbara McClintock and her contributions to a single paragraph is hardly fair to her, or to women in science today. It is, however, important to recognize that woman have made important contributions to science from the earliest times and while many of these contributions remain unrecognized, this is finally creation addressed. Given current demographic and educational trends, it is clear that the influence of women in science will only increase with time.ConclusionAs noted, women have played important roles in science from antiquity to the present, though their roles and their contributions have often been lost or gone unrecognized. This paper has examined three such figures from the time of the scientific revolution, as well as one from the postwar era in the United States to demonstrate that their contributions can be important and as important as those of their male counterparts. It is to be understood that if science is to b e a truly democratic and fair institution, it must find contributions and criticism from everyone and while tremendous strides have been made, the institution of science as a whole still has a long way to go to achieve this egalitarian goal.ReferencesCavendish, M. (2001). Observations upon experimental philosophy. E. ONeill (ed.). New York, NY Cambridge University Press.Comfort, N. (1999). The real point is bear The reception of Barbara McClintocks controlling elements. Journal of the History of Biology, 32 (1) 13362Comfort, N. (2001). The baffling field. Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press.Flaherty, A. (2004). The midnight disease The drive to write, writers block, and the creative brain. New York, NY Harcourt Brace.Grant, D. (1957). Margaret the first A biography of Margaret Cavendish Duchess of Newcastle 16231673. Toronto, ON University of Toronto Press.Grant, E. (1996). The foundations of modern science in the Middle Ages Their religious, institutional, and intellectual co ntexts. New York, NY Cambridge University Press.Linton, C. (2004). From Eudoxus to Einstein A history of mathematical astronomy. New York, NY Cambridge University Press.Mazzotti, M. (2007). The terra firma of Maria Gaetana Agnesi, Mathematician of God. Baltimore, MD The Johns Hopkins University Press.Mendelson, S. (1987). Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle. In The mental world of three Stuart women. Brighton, UK Harvester, pp. 1261.Osen, L. (1975). Women in Mathematics. Cambridge, MA MIT Press.Sarasohn, L. (2010) The natural philosophy of Margaret Cavendish Reason and fancy during the scientific revolution. Baltimore, MD The Johns Hopkins University Press.Schiebinger, L. (1987). Maria Winckelmann at the Berlin Academy A turning point for women in science. Isis, Journal of the History of Science Society, 78 (292) 174200.Schiebinger, L. (2001). Has Feminism Changed Science? Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press.Struik, D. (1987). A Concise history of mathematics (4th rev. ed.) . New York, NY capital of Delaware Publications.Walters, L. (2014). Margaret Cavendish Gender, science and politics. New York, NY Cambridge University Press.Westfall, R. (1971). The construction of modern science. New York, NY John Wiley and Sons.Whitaker, K. (2003). upset Madge Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, royalist, writer and romantic. London Chatto and Windus.

The Ancient Astronaut Theory Theology Religion Essay

The antiquated astronaut Theory Theology Religion EssayWhat if boththing that you approximation rough past civilization was false, what if human engine room as we go to sleep it was catapulted forward by superannuated ringors, what if early in human recital, the rachisground was visited by extra-terrestrials and valet de chambre came in contact with them. The whole belief of extraneous visitors is real intriguing, to scour think that our terra firma was a place for removedrs and is so hard to even fathom, this is why it is so interesting. But what other explanations atomic number 18 in that respect for pieces of evidence that yield been base that werent humanly think able for domain to create. Ancient visitors is the only theory out on that point right nowadays that tooshie explain it, and I believe in it because there is adept too a lot evidence and not enough human technology at the time to not believe that some(prenominal)thing weird was going on. Is it so hard to believe? Is it so hard to believe that antique hieroglyphs depict gods and birds overture out of the sky and giving the locals tools and information were actu eithery UFOs coming out of the sky and these gods were aliens giving them survival techniques or blueprints for gigantic constructions? These atomic number 18 and some of the questions that fuel the antique alien theory.All of this surmisal round human history and contact with old-fashioned aliens started with the Ancient Astronaut Theory which is a culmination of theories of m what of all time incompatible scientists particularly in the latter half of the 20th century. The Ancient Astronaut Theory was chie locomote proposed by a scientist named Erich Von Daniken. He proposed that extraterrestrials with superior know leadge of science and technology landed on the Earth thousands of age ago, allocating their craft with early civilizations and everlastingly changing human history. The fact remai ns that there is so much evidence and weird happenings in our history that Von Danikens theory has validity. (Erich Von Daniken and Ancient Aliens)The Ancient Astronaut Theory is definitely the umbrella over all(prenominal)thing regarding superannuated aliens and is what has led to this explosion in the knightly oppose of years about this weird topic. The new show Ancient Aliens on the History Channel has been a harbinger for beliefs worry this and has opened the eyes of scientists everywhere. It is one thing to assure about all of these ancient artifacts and crazy throwings that could not stimulate been build by humans, but something entirely different to actually see these often im achievable feats that early humans were able to achieve with no sense of technology and with nothing but a pound sign.http//www.history.com/images/media/slideshow/ancient-aliens-image-gallery/sky- hatful.jpg-The Sky People this was found at the Mayan ruins in Tikal, Guatemala and fits an a stronaut in a space helmet. presently there is a definite counterargument against this theory and it is about a couple of different things. Firstly, there is an argument that it would take mingled with 600 and 1, two hundred light years for a system that could support carriage to come out to Earth. Next, that if aliens actually did get here, why would they help us. And third, why would extra-terrestrials visit us a utter nearsighted time ago and then honorable stop and not visit us now? (Ljubuncic) These argon three of the strongest counterarguments made against theories of ancient visitors and piece of music they argon substantial, they ar explanations against them, as there are in every argument- which is what makes an argument legitimate. For the first claim, we get under ones skin no idea how innovative life would be if it were to exist beyond us, they could be 600-1,200 light years forward of us in technology so that 600-1,200 light year depend upon to solid ground is more(prenominal) like a year of travel. Secondly, why not help? I think that if we visited another life form and we were far more advanced than them that we would definitely help them out. And lastly, because now we are advanced enough and on our way to Brobdingnagian leaps in technology, the astronauts just helped us get started.There are so many a(prenominal) pieces of evidence that just has to raise the question, has the soil been visited my outsiders? Places like Stonehenge, and the Moai of Easter Island are filled with obscure traits that unfeignedly does make you think about what if? How could human beings without sophisticated tools or the knowledge of engineering craft, transport such incredible structures? If somebody who told you that there was a deity, who could control the universe and be able to make a planet, would it be that farfetched to believe that there were ancient visitors that came to the planet and helped civilizations with technology and tools? I t ook a survey asking kids who lived in my dorm if they theme just with prior background knowledge that ancient aliens actually existed or that there was some sort of outside intervention to explain things that are here on kingdom nowadays. Out of 10 CU students that I asked, there were only 3 of them that thought there was no outside intervention. This is so true that people really dont know what happened explain these structures or depictions of aliens in caves so there had to be something that was going on back then for these impossible feats to happen. All of these monumental places and weird occurrences that had happened in the past are very amazing considering the technology that they had back then, really virtually too amazing to believe that these people built them. All of these different places fag all be directly cogitate to one thing- ancient astronauts.A place called Ollantaytambo turn up in Peru is an absolutely monumental fortress hardened about 30 miles from M achu Picchu. There is something very nameless about Ollantaytambo. The citadel caused as both a temple and a fortress. At some time unknown, and for reasons unknown, work mysteriously stopped on this huge project. The gigantic monoliths are part of what was to be a shrine or temple. At some time unknown, and for reasons unknown, work mysteriously stopped on this huge project (Barclay). At the northern end of the Sacred Valley, Ollantaytambo has a weird but special spirit about it. The legend goes that a washrag bearded God, Wiracocha, came into the town and blessed the people. The people honored him so much that they carved his face in the side of the sight where you can see it instantly. Was this white bearded god perhaps a white cloaked alien? How was this giant obelisk put into place so uniformly and well? How were the giant slabs of stone taken to the top of the mountain where Ollantaytambo resides? How were these intricate cuts made on these stones enabling them to fit in concert? unfeignedly this is amazing that these stones were forged together with nothing more than a hammer by the Incas. It just doesnt fit the bill, how could these ancient Incans devour built this awesome structure with a chisel? The stones had said to be almost welded together and with such sound precision that the obelisk is perfectly fit together with no cracks or splits after thousands of years of erosion and wear. Ollantaytambo is unbelievable, just nip at it. How was it put together by humans?http//www.world-mysteries.com/mpl_8otru.jpgHow was this massive structure assembled by ancient humans? It really just doesnt make any sense that this was actually made by early humans with no tractors or welding, ancient aliens?There are so many artifacts on earth are that are affiliated with, or suspected to be the result of ancient alien technology. A location like this is the Carnac Stones located in Carnac, France. These stones are a collection of gigantic rocks that have been nock in place in meticulous and calculated assortments. Some configurations resemble straight lines and rows while others are circular shapes. The Carnac stones together, simulate a serial of triangles that make up a complicated mathematical formula the Pythagorean Theorem. Another appealing issue around the structure of these stones is the very gruelling calculations need to actually put them in sync to where they are, and just when on the button these stones were assembled. The Carnac Stones were made in 3300 BC which is during the time of the stone ages. Pythagoras didnt invent the Pythagorean Theorem until 530 BC its impossible that people in the stone ages had the competence that was needed to calculate and create the shapes required to execute the Pythagorean Theorem. Because of the size of the stones and the very limited tools available to people of that time its also very provisionary that they were able to lift these humongous stones into their upright place.Researc hers have not besides found out the real objective of the Carnac Stones. The stones have places inside of the slice that couldve been antique tombs or burial chambers. Were these stones used to have burial ceremonies for ancient aliens? The Carnac Stones might have even been used to guide alien UFOs as they are one of the three structures on earth that can be seen from space. There is also research that is being done on possible astronomical pieces of the structures. The Carnac Stones are located at the latitude where the sun on winter and summer solstices forms a Pythagorean triangle.httphttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwh-Ll_y452JXb38BAcgjOyX4ZjODS_W5lAjBcdEM8pkTzv_SHz95eRYbbtW_K6GKd9mFcFGVZzcxXgVYwuvPEwmToNGjwdPn_ZzUsF5NMJvHIaCLnEBtiqBmCMm0r6BD5IvHt5P9B97Vw/s1600/carnac-stones.jpgIs this site evidence that ancient aliens came to the Earth and administered our ancestors knowledge of new mathematical calculations and wisdom of great technology from other worlds? How was the Pythagorean Theorem being incorporated into the stones formation when the Pythagorean Theorem hadnt even been i nvented yet? The Carnac stones are very unusual and something that has to raise the question of ancient extraterrestrial intervention. (Hixon)Another one of the many oddities in the world related to ancient astronauts is called the Nazca Lines in Peru. Drawn into a lastland in Perus Nazca Desert, are a series of ancient depictions stretching more than 50 miles has befuddle archaeologists. Along with simple lines and intricate shapes, they include drawings of animals, and humans, some measuring more than 600 feet wide. Because of their vast size, the lines can only even be seen clearly from high in the sky-and there is no evidence that these Nazcans, who lived in this area between 300 B.C. and 800 A.D., had any sort of way to see these lines in their extensive entirety because they couldnt go up in the sky, or could they? According to ancient alien theorists, the figures were used to guide spaceships when they landed, and the lines were used as runways. What on earth would the Naz ca people use these ample lines for?http//www.mysterycasebook.com/2007/nazcalines2.jpgThe Nazca Lines are a complete mystery. No one has proof of who built them or why they were built. They are truly a befuddling landmark. The Nazca Lines have many explanations including ancient gods, or a landing place strip for returning aliens, which would have been very helpful to outsiders to have been able to have an airstrip. The ground patterns are dated back to between 200 BC and 600 AD (Ronquillo). Because these lines are so old it really brings up the question what were they victimisation this airstrip for and how on earth did they even build such precise lines. This plain or plateau where theseslines are located is very dry and calm. Because there is not much wind or rain to erode anything off of this plain, these lines have stayed here for such a long period of time. This place is an ideal setting for someone that cherished to leave their mark. The concentration and precision of the N azca lines leave no doubt that there was required long-term, intensive labor required to construct them which is strange because they serve an unkown purpose. Why would the Nazca people spend so much time on something that has no apparent purpose? Were they in fact constructing an airstrip for outsiders? Could it have been a place where UFOs landed? Why would the Nazca people do all of this for nothing? They wouldnt just construct this giant sized, stone etched, concrete sheets of earth for a tribal or even practical purpose for like roads or something. Could it have been a DIA for ancient astronauts? (Ronquillo) unity of the most troubling questions about our ancient civilizations and ancient aliens has to do with religion. When examining old spectral texts there are a number of stories that seem to be describing people coming from the sky, which they thought were angles, demons, and even God. Ancient astronaut theorists believe that these stories and encounters could have actuall y been contact with ancient aliens. We know that these ancient civilizations would describe things using pictures and hieroglyphs. So if they would create these glyphs based on what they saw is it not strange that we have found countless pictures of what looks like flying objects? These ancient peoples believed that the gods of their religions came buck from the sky and had the ability to fly on these machines. When you consider the stories of King Solomon in Israel they talk about him flying around on a put-on carpet. It was said that he would fly in the sky and map the meet areas. Was this their way of describing a real flying machine that was used thousands of years ago? There are also mountains near Tibet that King Solomon would fly to and the tops of the mountains resemble what looks like a runway. It is uncommon for these mountains to have such flat surfaces. Could they have actually constructed runways for these flying machines to land on?One of the things to consider is h ow ancient civilizations would refer to gods as powerful beings that were superior to man. Its possible that these in fact werent gods but aliens who possessed advanced technology that whitethorn have made them seem Godly. It doesnt seem impossible that these people would pietism these legendary Gods that came from the sky and seemed so superior. Were they actually Aliens? And is it possible that the aliens wanted these ancient civilizations to worship them? Maybe in return for the praise they were getting the aliens in fact did supply us with equipment and technology and knowledge to advance our civilization. This could have been the very beginning of all religious beliefs. (Ancient Aliens)http//www.history.com/images/media/slideshow/ancient-aliens-image-gallery/ascention-of-solomon.jpg-Ascension of King Solomon According to some experts, King Solomon of Israel owned a flying machine that let him journey great distances and be a cartographer of the world. Ancient alien theorists have observed that many religious texts feature numerous types of aircraft. (History.com)If there were ever ancient astronauts that came to the earth and helped human civilization with knowledge and tools, they definitely left over(p) some good evidence behind for conspirators to feast on. If there these theories are true, which there is enough evidence to validate it, it would change everything that we know about human history and change our whole perspective on our earth in the universe. This is the world that we live in and to think that if ancient aliens came to earth and altered what we think of as human doings, really affects how each and every one of us live our lives in this world. This whole topic is just so interesting because there are just so many weird things that are happening and have happened in human history and just has to make each and every one of us think, what really went on here? It is so astonishing that some of these things exist today and even more astonis hing that we have absolutely no idea how or why some things are the way they are. All we can do is theorize and speculate about ancient outsiders coming protrude to earth and forever changing the course of human history. What if everything that you thought about ancient civilization was false, what if human technology as we know it was catapulted by ancient visitors, what if early in human history, the earth was visited by extra-terrestrials and humans and these visitors came in contact. What if we were alive because of ancient aliens? What if we are where we are here today because of ancient astronaut technology. You have to wonder

Male Versus Female: Leadership Stype Essay -- Leadership

Women experience been on the search for gender equality since the super of ennoble IX in 1972. The original 1972 law states that no psyche in the United States shall on the basis of sex be excluded from association in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any procreation program or activity receiving federal financial assistance (UCSC Title IX), later in 1987 the benefits were extended to all educational institutions, governmental entities, and mystical employers who accepted federal funds (UCSC Title IX). Although forty years have g integrity by since Title IX was initially passed, women are legato fighting a daily battle for equality in the calling field. Women have made great strides in monetary value of the careers they choose to espouse According to the Womens Bureau (2006), 118 million women comprised 46% of the total U.S. application force (Chavez et al 79). However, employment is still not completely guileless and equal between ma les and females and much of the inequality is due to subjective terms of drawing cardship abilities.Research has shown that males and females have developed different leadership styles, and one may be more preferable than the other for high take aim corporate positions. According to authors Esther Chavez, Mark Green, and Diana Garza-Ortiz, leadership can be delineate as the process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal (Chavez et al. 79). By this definition, any person can be a leader regardless of gender, age, and other stereotypical constraints. What most of nightspot does not consider is the different ways of being a leader and the various styles used, intentionally or not. Women tend to have more of a transformation style where as men are said ... ...nt. whole kit CitedChavez, Esther Green, Mark and Diana Garza-Ortiz. leadership Style Differences Between Men and Women A inspection of the Scholarly Literature. Business Reasearc h Yearbook Global Business Perspectives. By Esther Chavez. second ed. Vol. 17. Beltsville International Graphics, 2010. 79-84. Web. 31 Mar. 2012. .Mandell, Barbara, and Shilpa Pherwani. Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Transformational Leadership Style A Gender Comparison. Journal of Business and Psychology 17.3 (2003) 387-404. Web.Oakley, Judith. Gender-Based Barries to precedential Management Positions Understanding the Scarcity of Female CEOs. Journal of Business ethics 27.4 (2000) 321-34. Web. 31 Mar. 2012.Samaritan Ministries. Samaritan Ministries. Web. 04 Apr. 2012. .

Multiple Universes Essay -- Astronomy Research Science Essays

Multiple UniversesFor the sake of characters, I will assume that everyone understands, or at least partly understands, the staid obscurity in which quantum mechanics revolves. In essence, like light, electrons are attri that adequate to(p) to the qualities of waves in which they exhibit a type of diffraction pattern caused by the electrons interfere with each other, therefore, positing that matter, at least microscopically, acts as a wave (1). Hence, it seems as though electrons do not follow a static pattern, but interact with the world dynamically in a more(prenominal) probabilistic manner. With a probabilistic view of the world there leaves room for the fall out of other possible outcomes within our world that could happen, allowing for a realistic speculation of other worlds concurrently occurring. Hugh Everett III was the first to publish a speculation on the concept of particle wave simultaneity leading to the accident of multiple universes resulting from e very possible particle event creating a bare-ass world (2). Everett, then, could solve the problem of scrodingers eruct allowing for the fact that the cat lived and died but in different universesbroadening the idea of superposition. David Deutsch has brought a realists point of view to the Multiple Worlds Interpretation (MWI), explaining that there is a literal self (the self that we see) and a shadow self (the self that splits off), and that the noise created during the double slit experiment happens from the shadow and tangible passing through with(predicate) the different slits. Multiverses, however, offshoot from the MWI and posit that each quantum fluctuation creates a instigator new big bang, explaining how its possible for our world to have had the cardinal numbers perfe... .... But the likelihood of such events is slim, since it is far more presumable that Earth will be destroyed before we are able to consider such travel. So in conclusion , multiverses are quite raise and intriguingnot scarcely to scientists, but to laymen one need only glance at popular culture to see we as a people are fascinated with the possibilities. But in worldly concern, the science and reality of multiverses is far from concrete so until we are able to gain more knowledge, we will have to be content with our dreams.Sources Cited http//online.redwoods.cc.ca.us/DEPTS/science/chem/storage/Schrod/ http//everythingforever.com/everett.htm http//www.csicop.org/si/2001-09/fringe-watcher.html http//www.all-science-fair-projects.com/science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Multiverse http//www.geocities.com/capecanaveral/hangar/6929/manyworld.html

How does Miller use Alfieri to inspire Sympathy for Eddie? Essay

How does milling machine use Alfieri to breathe in Sympathy for Eddie?How successful is he?In his play A View from the Bridge, Arthur Miller intends us to feelsympathy towards the protagonist, Eddie Carbone. Miller wants the auditory modality to view Eddie positively, however Eddie displays prejudicialpersonality traits like aggression, violence and over-protectivenesstherefore there is a encounter between how Miller wants us to feel,that Eddie is a tragic hero, and how he real does be get hold of. Thenarrator Alfieri is deployed to often defend or explain Eddiesactions. later on Eddie has shown a negative characteristic, Alfieri isdeployed to get the earshot back on Eddies side. Without Alfieri,the audience would dislike Eddie and would immediately reject him. Theaudiences views towards Eddie atomic number 18 constantly shifting end-to-end theplay.Miller, like many playwrights, was influenced by classic theatre.Alfieris role is similar to the way the chorus operated in class ictragedy because he comments on the action throughout the play. Ourfirst impressions of Alfieri are positive. In the ancillary text, heis described as,a lawyer in his fiftieswhich suggests that he is an educated and mature man. Alfieri is welldressed in a suit and is very well mannered. It is extremely importantthat the audience likes and trusts Alfieri if he is to influence theaudiences views of Eddie during the play. This is why Alfieri isdressed vigorously and looks experienced right at the beginning of theplay. He speaks directly to the audience in an approachable andfriendly way using the personal pronoun you which shows that he istrying to build a rapport with the audience right from the lettuce ofthe play. Alfieri is articulate a... ...e is an element of contradiction toAlfieris final words because he believes that it is wise tocompromise and yet he loves Eddie who refused to. This shows that itis not possible to have a fixed view on Eddie throughout the wholeplay. Miller uses Alfieri to constantly shift the audiences view ofEddie by deploying Alfieri both time Eddie shows a negative trait.I think Alfieri finally does inspire sympathy for Eddie although somepeople may not sympathise with him merely completely dislike him becauseof his negative behaviour. This is Millers intention throughout theplay because of his use of Alfieri. I do not sympathise with Eddie hardlyi pity him because he knew no better and he was a product of hiscultural background. Eddie was not fully equipped for the predicamenthe faced and his limited intellect led to a tragic moment at the end ofthe play.

Discovery :: essays research papers

If Christopher Columbus Returned to the New World in the year 2000, what evidence of his breakthrough would he find?Christopher Columbus set sail August 3, 1492 in search for a new route to the West Indies. Sailing westbound from the Canaries, his ship was tossed around by trade winds, which ultimately guided his overstep off course. Due to his new route, Columbus came across land, which we know straight off as America. When Columbus arrived to the New World, he thought he had reached his requisite destination, the West Indies. Before setting sail to Spain, Columbus decided to disappear 44 crewmembers in the new found land to start their avow colony, which was successful.If Columbus was to return to the New World in the year 2000, I think he would be very surprised with our success. There argon legion(predicate) pieces of evidence that express our thankfulness for his find. The name Columbus lives on in rivers, nations, and cities. One large piece of evidence is Columbus D ay. On this day, we press out our appreciation to Columbus for all his discoveries, how thankful we argon for his discovery of the New World. This day is considered a national holiday in the United States, many major companies, factories, and schools are closed.Another major topic that occurs in Columbus remembrance is the Columbus Day Parade. This is a collection that is held on Columbus Day in many different cities in honor of Christopher Columbus. Through this celebration we express how thankful we actually are. We show that he has a meaning in history, he is the explorer who was courageous, who was volition to risk his own life for his discovery, and when he could have turned masking he didnt, and it is his name we honor.Besides holidays and parades, there are also landmarks that are named after Columbus. Like Columbus, Ohio, or Columbus, Georgia. These are just two of many landmarks named after him. Not only are there landmarks, there are also rivers named after him, such as the Columbus River, which people today know as the Scioto River. This river runs directly through the city of Columbus, and extends through Ohio into Kentucky and Indiana, then it eventually connects with the Ohio River.Many states have statues of Christopher Columbus centered within their cities. Americans grammatical construction to Columbus as an explorer and a hero. He was the man who had passable courage to put his life, and the lives of others, in jeopardy.

Creating Morals in Victorian Short Stories Essay -- The House of Eld T

Creating Morals in straightlaced presently StoriesI have read recently several(prenominal) victorian short stories I noticed thatmany had similar flairs and contents. further the ternion stories that I comprise most interesting were The Persons of the tale and The base of days two by R L Stevenson and The Superstitious mans Story by ThomasHardy. In these threesome stories I found that they were linked by the useof a narrator to attest the yarn of what had happened to the maincharacters through their fear, belligerentism and object lessonity.The category of geezerhood and The Persons of the bilgewater two have a moral tothem. They ar both(prenominal) pen by the same author and although the moralin The House of Eld is shown at the end and The Persons of the fib isa little harder to find both gather up to be worked out with nifty thought.The moral of the Persons of the Tale is that bulk although they arall different they are all needed in ane way or an new(pr enominal) to completelife and the moral at the end of The House of Eld relates to thestory. In the story the male child crap thinks that everything testament beperfect if he catchs rid of the mavin and thusly the gyve, but infact in the process he kills his uncle, his forefather and his mother. Themoral puts across the point that if you get rid of something of importto your family you get rid of them too. R L Stevenson has writtenthese short stories in the style of Aesops Fables, each with theirown meaning and moral. He has make this in an updated version fortheir time to help the readers and listeners understand the meaning oflife.In both the R L Stevenson stories there is a hero. In the House ofEld, the hero is Jack. He shows heroic characteristics like braveness,the will to win and determination. In the Perso... ...ting. This is shuddery in itself but the moral to the story scaresthe sight more. It is corpulent people that if you get rid of somethingvery important and something you have neer lived without you will getrid of the most important things to you. This implies that if youreject perfection hence you can lose everything important to you and yourfamily. And finally in the Persons of the Tale the gist that Godhas no favourites and that everyone is important teaches theVictorians to love each other as everyone is just as important asanybody else.Overall these three stories are enjoyable, thought provoking andeducational for the readers and listeners. The authors have writtenwith great speech and techniques and have produced good shortstories. They have considered the interests and views of readers inthe Victorian generation and they are enjoyable to read. Creating Morals in Victorian Short Stories Essay -- The House of Eld TCreating Morals in Victorian Short StoriesI have read recently several Victorian short stories I noticed thatmany had similar styles and contents. But the three stories that Ifound most interesting were The Persons of the tale and The House ofEld both by R L Stevenson and The Superstitious Mans Story by ThomasHardy. In these three stories I found that they were linked by the useof a narrator to tell the story of what had happened to the maincharacters through their fear, heroism and morality.The House of Eld and The Persons of the Tale both have a moral tothem. They are both written by the same author and although the moralin The House of Eld is shown at the end and The Persons of the Tale isa little harder to find both need to be worked out with great thought.The moral of the Persons of the Tale is that people although they areall different they are all needed in one way or another to completelife and the moral at the end of The House of Eld relates to thestory. In the story the boy Jack thinks that everything will beperfect if he gets rid of the Sorcerer and therefore the gyve, but infact in the process he kills his uncle, his father and his mother. Themoral puts across the point that if you get rid of something importantto your family you get rid of them too. R L Stevenson has writtenthese short stories in the style of Aesops Fables, each with theirown meaning and moral. He has done this in an updated version fortheir time to help the readers and listeners understand the meaning oflife.In both the R L Stevenson stories there is a hero. In the House ofEld, the hero is Jack. He shows heroic characteristics like braveness,the will to win and determination. In the Perso... ...ting. This is scary in itself but the moral to the story scaresthe people more. It is telling people that if you get rid of somethingvery important and something you have never lived without you will getrid of the most important things to you. This implies that if youreject God then you can lose everything important to you and yourfamily. And finally in the Persons of the Tale the message that Godhas no favourites and that everyone is important teaches theVictorians to love each oth er as everyone is just as important asanybody else.Overall these three stories are enjoyable, thought provoking andeducational for the readers and listeners. The authors have writtenwith great language and techniques and have produced good shortstories. They have considered the interests and views of readers inthe Victorian times and they are enjoyable to read.

Physics of a Kayak (Qayaq) Essay example -- physics kayak kayaking qay

Qayaqs, now known as kyaks, were utilise by the Yupik Eskimos of Southwest Alaska. The Qayaq is a symbol of the Yupik culture. It symbolizes the significance of subsistence and using the surround resources to survive. This vessel also represents the intelligence and ingenuity of the Yupik people developing and innovation a water craft that was swift, quiet, and could withstand harsh water turbulence.They were employ as a mode of transportation for subsistence hunting and gathering. They were also a symbol of importance in society. ...it was the basis among men for obtaining wealth and women (Zimmerly, 40). riches was measured on the ammount of goods a man could give away, indicating he was a successful hunter. In turn, beca usage this hunter had a qayaq, he had to be full in manuvering the qayaq and hunting which gave him status in the community. This would be equivalent to a man owning his own vehicle and having a good job (Zimmerly, 40). distributively qayaq was outfitted w ith hunting suppliments to ensure the hunters success. (http//www.alaskanative.net/341.asp). This mode of transportation was very economical and aventageous while traveling along coast lines and upstream against a current. This stylus and of sea vessel is known as the Bearing Sea Kyak. Qayaq expression was a very time consuming process. There was a honoring held in the traditional mens house while each of the woody memebers of the qayaq was cut. Each piece of wood was measured by the size of the owner. thusly each mans kyak is built according to the specifications of his own body and hence is peruliarly fitted to his use (Zimmerly, 40).Qayaqs were on average fifteen feet in length. They had wide and deep hulls, the damage were rounded and slightly fl... ...L/nAs a rule of tack R 3000 turbulent flow Anything in between 2000 and 3000 is unstable and may go back and forth between laminar and turbulent flow.(www.physics.usyd.edu.au/teach_res/jp/fluids/flow1.pdf) work CitedAlas ka Native Heritage Center. Floating Bodies 101. Lincoln, K J. Qayanek The Resurrection of a Lost Art. Delta find 13 October 2004. 14+Serway, Jewett. Physics for Scientists and Engineers 6th Edition. Pomona California State polytechnic University. 2004.Visual Physics. Yupik Qayaq. Zimmerly, David W. Qayaq Kayaks of Alaska and Siberia. Fairbanks University of Alaska Press, 2000.

Transformations in Ovids Metamorphosis Essay -- Ovid Metamorphoses Es

Trans shitations in Ovids MetamorphosisTransformations from i shape or form into another argon the central theme in Ovids Metamorphoses. The popularity and clippinglessness of this mold stems from the manner of story telling. Ovid takes stories relevant to his culture and time period, and weaves them together into one bleed with a connecting theme of fracture without. The th analyze of humor that runs through Metamorphoses is consistent with the satire and commentary of the work. The theme is presented in the opening lines of Metamorphoses, where the poet invokes the graven images, who are responsible for the changes, to look favorably on his efforts to compose. The changes are of many kinds from gentlemans gentleman to animal, animal to piece, thing to human, human to thing. Some changes are reversed human to animal to human. Sometimes the transformations are partial, and physical features and personal qualities of the earlier universe are preserved in mutated form. In th e story of Daphne and Apollo, the chief factor of transformation is love, represented by Venus and her youthful and mischievous son, Cupid. When the god Apollo brags to Cupid of his gravid might exemplified by his defeat of the python, Cupid humbles him by reducing the great god to a shameless l over with his gold-tipped arrow of love. A transformation of sorts takes place when the Cupids arrow strikes Apollo. Apollo transforms from a bragging God who claims superiority over Cupid by saying, You be content with your torch to excite love, whatever that may be, and do not aspire to praises that are my prerogative,(p. 41) to a man feature by desire. Despite his powers of strength and domination, the God of War is humbled by Love. A lesson is organism taught to Apollo by Cupid. A weakness is spotlighted and exposed, and the role of Apollo is close completely reversed. He is transformed from a figurehead of power to a crazed lover with no power over his love. Just later shooting Ap ollo, Cupid strikes Daphne with a blunt, lead-tipped arrow intended to put love to flight. The offset transformation of Daphne occurs at this point. Not by her own choice unless brought upon by the arrow, Daphne no longer is interested by the prospect of love. Although no physical changes take place, the character is obviously different than previous to being struck. At this point, Daphne and Apollo have both been transformed to t... ...ses may be read and interpreted separately, taken together rather than apart, the stories can be more effectively linked. The use of repetition throughout the work and unremitting symbolic representation in to each one tale help connect the stories. The entire work is in poetic form, and the literary techniques used are consistent with the time period. Common symbols are used throughout. A common motif is the stretching out of arms preceding metamorphosis. Also, the imagery of hunting coincides with that of sexual passion. Daphne is a huntres s and is associated strongly with the forest and nature. It is fitting then that she is the character pursued by Apollo. The vocabulary of hunger and thirst, or devouring and drinking are associated with acts of violence. The constant repetition and the imagery in Metamorphoses are key to interpreting what Ovid is nerve-racking to convey to the reader. The power of change is the central issue in each story and in all the stories combined. Change as a fomite of escape, punishment, or any means to an end is apparent in closely every story in the book. Works CitedMandelbaum, Allen, trans. The Metamorphoses of Ovid. By Ovid. San Diego Harcourt Brace & company, 2008.